Pavement functional and structural PARAMETERs are important for pavement evaluation. This research aims at developing a prediction model to predict the deflection of flexible pavements using International Roughness Index (IRI) values to optimize maintenance activities without conducting deflection testing. For this purpose, Multan-Lodhran south bound section, a part of N-5 is selected as study area. It starts from km 929+000 and ends at km 867+000, having a length of 62 km, dual carriageway having two lanes each side. The data used for this study had been collected from the database of Road Asset Management Division (RAMD), National Highway Authority, Islamabad, Pakistan on basis of data availability and reliability. Collected data includes International Roughness Index (IRI) values measured by profilometer and deflection data measured by Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD). Existing pavement structure data was collected from NHA Regional office. Linear and Logarithmic Regression analysis methodology using SPSS Statistical Analysis Software was used to develop correlation between pavement functional and structural PARAMETERs for flexible pavement. Also, Microsoft Excel was used for data analysis and validation purpose. The developed regression model showed significant relationship between deflection and IRI. Additionally, AASHTO Back calculation method was also used for determining the effective structure number (SNeff) using deflection results from FWD to determine correlation of IRI with another structural PARAMETER. Considering this, a significant correlation was found between SNeff and IRI. However, it was found that other PARAMETERs i.e., subgrade resilient modulus (Mr) and pavement elastic modulous (Ep) did not show any significant relation. The result showed that if pavement IRI values are known, deflection and SNeff can be predicted providing feasibility for transportation agencies that do not have the capabilities as deflection tests are costly and require sophistication for its data handling.

The estimation of unknown PARAMETERs of two-PARAMETER Rayleigh distribution based on Type-II progressive censoring with binomial removals is studied. Maximum likelihood estimators of the PARAMETERs and their confidence intervals are derived. By applying Markov Chain Monte Carlo techniques, Bayes estimators, and corresponding highest posterior density confidence intervals of PARAMETERs are obtained. The expected time required to complete the life test under this censoring scheme is investigated. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to compare the performances of the different methods, and one data set is analyzed for illustrative purposes.

Reduced rainfall in many parts of the world have prompted scientists to try to manipulate, in different ways, to the nature, causing precipitation from accumulated water in the atmosphere. Atmospheric ionization is a new method for producing precipitation and has attracted much attention. In this regard, in recent years, in some regions of the world, in different ways, the relation between meteorological phenomena, especially tropical cyclones, and ionosphere are studied. Because of importance of water and precipitation, in present paper in order to detect the presence or absence of correlation between ionosphere and the precipitation meteorological phenomena, used three kind of data consist of geomagnetic, ionospheric and meteorological data. The meteorological and geomagnetic data are measured data but the ionospheric data derived from raw GPS data. For analysis, In the first step, it analyzed the geomagnetic conditions by use of two geomagnetic indices consist of Kp and Dst for an especial period. In the second step, analyzed the data of ionospheric Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) and omitted geomagnetic disturbed days from same period. The daily maximums of VTEC, as the differentiating factor of various days, was selected. In the third step, it analyses and compares time series of maximums of ionospheric VTEC from processing of data from two GPS stations, in quiet geomagnetic conditions, with variations of precipitation recorded in two synoptic stations situated in same place of GPS stations, that have considerable difference in precipitation. These stations are Shiraz as the high rainfall station and Esfahan as the low rainfall station that considered in A 41-day period since 1 Jan to 10 February 2011. Also it is compared and analyzed the time series of variations of maximums of VTEC, to mean the difference of maximum of VTEC in any day than maximum of VTEC in days ago, with time series of precipitation in both stations. With these analysis it was observed that there is systematic relationship between variations of maximum of ionospheric VTEC and occurrence of precipitation. So that after occurrence intense fluctuations with special amplitude in maximum of VTEC, occur precipitation peaks. Therefore along with mild changes of maximums of ionospheric VTEC in a period, it observe tropospheric stable conditions and along with intense changes of maximums of ionospheric in the same period, it observed unstable tropospheric conditions and precipitation occurred. Also, the time series of maximums of VTEC in the same period obtained from running the global ionospheric model IRI2012 and compared with the time series of maximums of ionospheric VTEC from processing the raw data of GPS. it seems that the best kind of data for study the troposphere-ionosphere correlation, are ionospheric data from processing the raw data of GPS stations and the ionospheric data from running the ionospheric global models, due to the inability show details, are not suitable for this. It may be because of this, that maximums VTEC from processing raw data of GPS in this paper are point measurements and the maximums of VTEC from global ionospheric model IRI2012 has global scale and simulate large scale variations of ionospheric PARAMETERs.

In this work, the ability of free and immobilized deactivated baker's yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae to remove uranium ions was investigated using a batch biosorption procedure with respect to the initial pH (3.0-6.0), contact time (24 h), initial ion concentration (50-400 mg/g) and presence of secondary ions (Cr (VI)). The removal of uranium was approximately 90% and 50% at low concentrations, whereas it was about 80% and 15% at high concentrations at an optimum pH of 5 and 5.5, using 1 g/l of adsorbent in 24 h of equilibration time for immobilized and free baker's yeast, respectively. Experimental results at 30°C indicated that the uptake capacity of uranium ions by immobilized baker's yeast biomass on calcium alginate was reduced by the presence of secondary ions. The experimental data obtained at the optimum have been analyzed using two two-PARAMETER models, Langmuir and Freundlich, and one three-PARAMETER model, Redlich–Peterson. Taking into three statistical error functions, the data were best fitted to the Redlich–Peterson model. Using the Langmuir equation, the saturated monolayer sorption capacities of uranium ions onto immobilized and free baker's yeast were 592.8 and 73 mg/g, respectively at 30°C.

In this article, we address singularly perturbed two-PARAMETER parabolic problem of the reaction-convection-diffusion type in two dimensions. These problems exhibit discontinuities in the source term and convection coeffi-cient at particular domain points, which result in the formation of interior layers. The presence of two perturbation PARAMETERs leads to the formation of boundary layers with varying widths. Our primary focus is to address these layers and develop a scheme that is uniformly convergent. So we propose a hybrid monotone difference scheme for the spatial direction, im-plemented on a specially designed piece-wise uniform Shishkin mesh, com-bined with the Crank–Nicolson method on a uniform mesh for the temporal direction. The resulting scheme is proven to be uniformly convergent, with an order of almost two in the spatial direction and exactly two in the tem-poral direction. Numerical experiments support the theoretically proven higher order of convergence and show that our approach results in bet-ter accuracy and convergence compared to other existing methods in the literature.

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For 0 < r < 1 and 1£ p£q < ¥ we find necessary and sufficient conditions for the validity of the following inequality: (òba u(x) (òxa | g(x)-g (t)| r w(t)dt)q/r dx)1/q £ c(òba v(x)| g’ (x)|p dx)1/pwhere u(·), v(·), and w(·) are weight functions.